Justice, like liberty, is one of the concepts that has always been a matter of concentration to political thinkers and different interpretations have been presented about it. Liberalism which was more conserned with liberty during the last decades of twentieth country, since then was associated by Rawls concept of justice and attracted much more attention. In his discussions, Rawls emphasizes on justice and equality as these principles which were absent of a liberal society. The present text, by applying a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to know how is applicable Rawls's theory of justice in a society. In terms of the research claim, Rawls attempt to justify the concept pf justice, entails all individual, social political, normative aspects of human relations within liberalism which means that his emphasis on justices is totally different from what in Marx's thought. In spite of Rawls basic project about reforming public sphere, he still views individual as a center of his concern and analysis while regards justice as main character of social institutions.

Rawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his first period, he is impressed by Kant's ethical philosophy but in second period, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make his theory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most of philosophers in enlightenment and after, try to applied metaphysical presuppositions for establishing their philosophical frameworks. Many Philosophical schools have been established by these presuppositions. Even some states have been applied some of that schools same as utilitarianism. For instance: Immanuel Kant had been established his philosophical framework by applying ethical doctrine or Lock had been established his philosophical theories by different interpretation of Christianity. But is Rawls that he called himself as follower of named philosophers, imitate their method? Or same as his claim that: he tried to establish his theory without depending of any metaphysical presuppositions and just call it merely political concept. In this article, firstly, introductory about Lock's theory of justification and Kant's effect on Rawls has been considered then, I just try investigating of Rawls claim of justice as fairness is political concept, not metaphysical.

This word is paid attention to throughy general and specific reasons, and so the this article is to investigate the Justice Principle, which is a rule of figh (canonical law) with many effects, and to prove it via legal reasons. At first, the article considers the importance of justice according to the nobles, statements; then, in the main body of the article, the meaning of generality of this principle is proved. In another part of the article, legal examples of this principle are mentioned, and the relationship between this principle and the lost-drawing principle is cited; it is also proved that the former is prior to the latter. And finally, the consequence of this principle is explained; it is also concluded that an Islamic jurist has to regard this principle in his decree (fitwa), and some examples are also mentioned in this regard.

Housework, its determinants and the outcomes of household labor division came into the focus of research in 1990s. While the number of women who work outside the house is significantly increasing, they still have the responsibility of housekeeping and child rearing.This research aims to study household labor division and its determining factors, the perceived fairness of household labor division, and their impact on marital satisfaction.The statistical population of this study included all employed married women and housewives in Kamyaran, Kordestan Province, Iran. A group of 162 employed married women was selected through convenient sampling method, and 150 housewives through multi-cluster sampling method. A series of statistical analyses including Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, partial correlation and regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the variables.According to the results of the research, in women, there is a positive, but weak, relationship between household labor and marital satisfaction, but the relationship between perceived fairness of household labor and marital satisfaction is a stronger one.According to the model extracted from regression analysis, 16.9 percent of the variance of marital satisfaction can be accounted for by perceived fairness and 5.5 percent of the variance of household labor division can be explained by the work hours and husband’s education variables.

Justice thought as “fairness” is derived from John Rawls who was one of the most famous liberal political philosophers of the 20th century. Rawls in interpretation of “A Theory of justice” has not neglected the justification of punishment and has propounded his last opinions and approaches about the institution of penalties briefly. The attitude of this scholar in his famous work “A Theory of Justice” is completely different from his look which he has stated before in his article “Two Concepts of Rules”. In his latter article he tries to establish a connection between the teachings of retributivism and utilitarianism for the justification of punishment and places each of them in their proper position. It seems that the approach which Rawls has presented in “A Theory of justice” for justifying the institution of the punishment has abrogated (revoked) his former doctrine in his article “Two Concepts of Rules”. The present paper attempts to prove the validity of the mentioned attitude (idea) meanwhile determining the category of punishment in “the justice system as fairness”.

This research conducted with the aim of investigating the relationships between overall fairness and cultural values with organizational justice, job satisfaction and turnover among the personnel of training and education administrations in Esfahan city. Statistical population were the personnel of education and training administrations regions, which 309 persons from them selected using simple random sampling. Research instruments were overall fairness with 3 items, cultural values (in two fields including materialism and power distance with 8 items), distributive, procedural and interactional justice with 3,3,3 items respectively, job satisfaction with 3 items and turnover with 3 items. Data were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient, structural equation modeling, moderated hierarchical regression and mediating regression analysis. Results showed that there are significant relations between overall fairness with distributive, procedural, interactional justice and turnover, job satisfaction and materialism (P<0.01) but there is not significant relation between power distance with overall fairness (P>0.05). The results of structural equation modeling and mediating regression analysis showed that overall fairness relatively mediate the relations between procedural justices with turnover. But there was not mediated role for overall fairness in relations between distributive and interactional fairness with turnover and job satisfaction. Moderated regression analysis showed that power distance likely have moderated role in relations between overall fairness with turnover likely.

Justice is the main concern of philosophers and thinkers, has left its most important impact on the science of law. Along with the development of human societies from ancient times to the formation of modern governments, philosophers have offered various definitions of justice. The concept of justice is considered by Greek philosophers as the basis for the formation of this concept in the structure of political societies. Coinciding with the developments of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance, law was mixed with another form of justice. Concepts such as just war led to the notion of justice as the most fundamental goal of law. Has enjoyed. In particular, this development has been well reflected in the distributional justice that governs state sovereignty. In this article, the concept of justice among philosophers and its developments from ancient times to the era of modern governments have been studied and concepts such as equality and justice have been considered as alternatives to justice.